The Syrian army disintegrated in the face of the opposition offensive because of low morale and years of mismanagement.


Ibrahim Al-Marashi is Associate Professor of Middle East History at California State University San Marcos, and an advisory board member of the Intern... ational Security and Conflict Resolution (ISCOR) program at San Diego State University. He is the co-author of Iraq’s Armed Forces: An Analytical History (2008), The Modern History of Iraq (2016), and A Concise History of the Middle East (2025).
The Syrian army disintegrated in the face of the opposition offensive because of low morale and years of mismanagement.

And recent Iraqi history can tell us how.

It seems Israel is refusing to learn from its past mistakes.
![Mourners carry the coffin of assassinated Hamas political chief, Ismail Haniyeh, during his funeral ceremony in Tehran, Iran, August 1, 2024. [Office of the Iranian Supreme Leader/WANA via Reuters]](https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-01T091850Z_1888206777_RC2X69AGMT03_RTRMADP_3_ISRAEL-PALESTINIANS-HAMAS-IRAN-1722511145.jpg?resize=270%2C180&quality=80)
The Houthis have endured a half-year of American strikes, delivering US President Biden a major foreign policy defeat.

Sunday’s attack that killed three US servicemen was the latest chapter in a war Trump started more than five years ago.

The use of contractors in the US ‘war on terror’ inspired Russia and other powers to outsource war.

The chaos I feared a US-led invasion would unleash has destroyed the country I hail from.
![U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell holds up a vial that he described as one that could contain anthrax, during his presentation on [Iraq] to the U.N. Security Council, in New York February 5, 2003. [Powell tried to persuade a sceptical world that Iraq is concealing it's weapons of mass destruction and that force may be necessary to disarm it.]](https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2003-02-05T120000Z_553139269_PBEAHUORSAU_RTRMADP_3_POWELL.jpg?resize=270%2C180&quality=80)
Once the news cycle moves on, it will be business as usual for the US, the Taliban and even al-Qaeda itself.

We need to accept eliminating its leaders with tactical strikes will not bring an end to ISIL.

The Islamic State’s Afghan affiliate could derail Taliban efforts to establish security and stable rule.
![Smoke rises from explosion outside the airport in Kabul on August 26, 2021 [AP/Wali Sabawoon]](https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/AP21238527350622.jpg?resize=270%2C180&quality=80)